Back Pain

Back pain is one of the most common health problems affecting people of all ages. It can range from a mild, temporary discomfort to severe pain that interferes with daily activities such as sitting, walking, sleeping, or working. While many episodes of back pain improve with time and basic care, some cases require medical evaluation to identify the underlying cause and prevent long-term complications.

This page is intended to help you understand why back pain occurs, when to seek medical advice, and how it is commonly treated.

What Is Back Pain?

Back pain refers to discomfort or pain felt anywhere along the spine — from the neck (cervical spine) to the lower back (lumbar spine). The spine is a complex structure made up of bones (vertebrae), discs, muscles, ligaments, nerves, and joints. Pain can originate from any of these structures.

Back pain is generally classified into:

  • Acute back pain – lasts a few days to weeks
  • Subacute back pain – lasts 4–12 weeks
  • Chronic back pain – persists for more than 12 weeks

Common Causes of Back Pain

Back pain can occur due to a variety of reasons, sometimes from a single cause and often from a combination of factors.

Muscle and Ligament Strain

  • Sudden movements, heavy lifting, or poor posture
  • Prolonged sitting or incorrect sleeping positions
  • Muscle fatigue or weakness

This is one of the most frequent causes and usually improves with rest and basic care.

Degenerative Changes of the Spine

As we age, normal wear and tear can affect the spine:

  • Disc degeneration – loss of cushioning between vertebrae
  • Facet joint arthritis – degeneration of small joints in the spine
  • Spondylosis – age-related spinal changes

These changes may cause stiffness, reduced flexibility, and pain.

Slipped Disc (Herniated Disc)

Spinal discs act as shock absorbers. When a disc bulges or ruptures, it can press on nearby nerves, leading to:

  • Back pain
  • Pain radiating to arms or legs
  • Numbness or tingling
  • Weakness in limbs

Sciatica

Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve is irritated or compressed. Symptoms typically include:

  • Pain radiating from the lower back to the buttock and leg
  • Burning or shooting pain
  • Tingling or numbness

Spinal Canal Narrowing (Spinal Stenosis)

This condition involves narrowing of the spinal canal, often due to aging. It may cause:

  • Back pain while standing or walking
  • Leg pain or heaviness
  • Relief when bending forward or sitting

Postural and Lifestyle Factors

  • Poor posture during work or mobile use
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Obesity
  • Stress and muscle tension

These factors can gradually strain the spine and surrounding muscles.

Less Common but Important Causes

  • Spinal infections
  • Fractures (especially in osteoporosis)
  • Inflammatory conditions
  • Tumors

These require prompt medical attention.

Common Symptoms Associated With Back Pain

Symptoms can vary depending on the cause and location of the problem:

  • Localized pain in the back
  • Stiffness or reduced movement
  • Pain radiating to arms or legs
  • Numbness or tingling
  • Muscle weakness
  • Pain that worsens with activity or prolonged sitting
  •  

When Should You Seek Medical Advice?

While mild back pain often improves on its own, medical evaluation is recommended if:

  • Pain persists for more than 2–3 weeks
  • Pain is severe or worsening
  • Pain radiates to the legs or arms
  • There is numbness, weakness, or difficulty walking
  • Pain occurs after a fall or injury
  • There is bladder or bowel control difficulty
  • Pain is associated with fever or unexplained weight loss

How Is Back Pain Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. Depending on symptoms, additional tests may be advised:

  • X-rays – to assess bone alignment and fractures
  • MRI – to evaluate discs, nerves, and soft tissues
  • CT scans – for detailed bone assessment
  • Blood tests – if infection or inflammation is suspected

Treatment Options for Back Pain

Treatment is individualized based on the cause, severity, and duration of symptoms.

Conservative (Non-Surgical) Management

Most patients improve with non-surgical care, including:

  • Rest and activity modification
  • Pain-relieving medications
  • Physiotherapy and guided exercises
  • Posture correction
  • Heat or cold therapy

Lifestyle and Preventive Measures

  • Maintaining proper posture
  • Regular stretching and strengthening exercises
  • Maintaining a healthy weight
  • Ergonomic work setup
  • Adequate sleep support

Interventional Treatments

In some cases, targeted procedures may help relieve pain:

  • Nerve blocks
  • Epidural injections
  • Facet joint injections

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is considered only when:

  • There is persistent pain despite conservative treatment
  • There is nerve damage or progressive weakness
  • Structural problems require correction

Living With Back Pain

Back pain can affect both physical and emotional well-being. Understanding the condition, following a structured treatment plan, and making gradual lifestyle changes can significantly improve quality of life. Early attention to symptoms often prevents long-term issues.