Many people notice changes in their mobility as they grow older—difficulty standing for long periods, leg discomfort while walking, or pain that improves when sitting down. In some cases, these symptoms are linked to spinal stenosis, a condition where the spaces within the spine gradually narrow. This narrowing can place pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, leading to pain and functional limitations.
This page explains what spinal stenosis is, why it develops, how it presents, and the common approaches used to manage it, helping you better understand the condition.
What Is Spinal Stenosis?
Spinal stenosis refers to narrowing of the spinal canal or the openings where nerves exit the spine. When this space becomes too tight, nerves may be compressed, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness.
Spinal stenosis can affect different regions:
- Cervical spinal stenosis – affects the neck
- Lumbar spinal stenosis – affects the lower back (most common)
- Thoracic spinal stenosis – affects the mid-back (rare)
Why Does Spinal Stenosis Occur?
Age-Related Degenerative Changes
The most common cause. Over time:
- Discs lose height and bulge outward
- Ligaments thicken and stiffen
- Facet joints enlarge due to arthritis
- Bone spurs (osteophytes) may form
These changes reduce the available space for nerves.
Herniated or Bulging Discs
Discs that bulge into the spinal canal can contribute to nerve compression.
Spinal Arthritis
Degeneration of spinal joints can lead to inflammation, swelling, and narrowing of nerve passages.
Spinal Injuries or Trauma
Fractures or dislocations may alter spinal alignment and reduce canal space.
Congenital (Present at Birth) Narrow Canal
Some people are born with a naturally narrower spinal canal, making them more susceptible to symptoms later in life.
Common Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis
Symptoms vary depending on the location and severity of nerve compression.
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Symptoms
- Lower back pain
- Pain, heaviness, or cramping in the legs while walking
- Numbness or tingling in legs or feet
- Symptoms improve when sitting or bending forward
Cervical Spinal Stenosis Symptoms
- Neck pain or stiffness
- Pain radiating to arms or hands
- Numbness or weakness in arms
- Difficulty with balance or coordination
Advanced or Severe Symptoms
- Progressive weakness
- Difficulty walking
- Problems with bladder or bowel control (medical emergency)
When Should You Seek Medical Advice?
Medical evaluation is recommended if:
- Symptoms interfere with walking or daily activities
- Pain or numbness is worsening
- There is weakness in arms or legs
- Balance problems develop
- Bladder or bowel control is affected
How Is Spinal Stenosis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically includes:
- Detailed medical history
- Physical and neurological examination
Imaging studies may include:
- X-rays to assess bone changes
- MRI scans to evaluate nerves, discs, and spinal canal
- CT scans in selected cases
Common Approaches to Managing Spinal Stenosis
Management depends on symptom severity, nerve involvement, and overall health.
Conservative (Non-Surgical) Care
Many people benefit from:
- Activity modification
- Pain-relieving or anti-inflammatory medications
- Physiotherapy focusing on flexibility and strengthening
- Posture correction
- Heat therapy to relieve stiffness
Interventional Pain Management
In some cases:
- Epidural steroid injections
- Nerve root or facet joint injections
These may help reduce inflammation and pain.
Surgical Management
Surgery is considered only when:
- Symptoms persist despite adequate conservative treatment
- There is progressive nerve damage
- Walking or daily activities become significantly impaired
- Bladder or bowel dysfunction occurs
Living With Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is often a slowly progressive condition. Many people learn to manage symptoms effectively through regular exercise, posture awareness, and timely medical care. Staying active within comfort limits and avoiding prolonged inactivity can help maintain mobility.