The spine is designed to be strong and supportive, yet certain situations can cause one or more of its bones to break. A spine fracture may occur suddenly after an injury, or quietly over time when bones become weak. Some people experience immediate, severe pain, while others may notice gradual discomfort that worsens with movement.
This page explains what spine fractures are, how they occur, what symptoms to look for, and how they are commonly evaluated and managed.
What Is a Spine Fracture?
A spine fracture refers to a break or collapse in one or more vertebrae—the bones that form the spinal column. The spine not only supports the body but also protects the spinal cord and nerves, making fractures in this area potentially serious.
Spine fractures can occur in:
- Cervical spine (neck)
- Thoracic spine (mid-back)
- Lumbar spine (lower back)
Common Causes of Spine Fractures
Trauma or Injury
- Road traffic accidents
- Falls from height
- Sports injuries
- Direct impact to the back
These fractures often occur suddenly and may be associated with other injuries.
Osteoporosis (Weak Bones)
In people with osteoporosis, even minor falls or routine activities can cause vertebral fractures. These are known as compression fractures.
Repetitive Stress or Overuse
Rarely, repeated stress on the spine can lead to small fractures, especially in individuals with weakened bones.
Pathological Fractures
Certain medical conditions, such as tumors or infections, can weaken the vertebrae, making them more prone to fracture.
Types of Spine Fractures
Compression Fracture
- Most common type
- Often related to osteoporosis
- Causes the vertebra to collapse in height
Burst Fracture
- Usually caused by high-energy trauma
- Bone fragments may spread outward
- Higher risk of spinal cord or nerve injury
Flexion-Extension Fractures
- Occur due to sudden bending or twisting
- May involve ligaments and spinal instability
Fracture-Dislocation
- Severe injury involving bone fracture and misalignment
- Often associated with neurological injury
Common Symptoms of Spine Fractures
Symptoms depend on fracture type and severity:
- Sudden or severe back or neck pain
- Pain that worsens with movement or standing
- Tenderness at the fracture site
- Limited mobility
- Height loss or spinal deformity (in compression fractures)
Neurological Symptoms (Urgent Attention Required)
- Numbness or tingling
- Weakness in arms or legs
- Difficulty walking
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
When Should You Seek Medical Attention?
Immediate medical evaluation is needed if:
- Back or neck pain follows a fall or accident
- Pain is severe or persistent
- There is weakness, numbness, or paralysis
- Bladder or bowel control is affected
How Are Spine Fractures Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Detailed medical history and physical examination
Imaging studies may include:
- X-rays to identify fractures
- CT scans for detailed bone assessment
- MRI scans to evaluate spinal cord, nerves, and soft tissues
Common Approaches to Managing Spine Fractures
Management depends on the type of fracture, stability of the spine, and nerve involvement.
Conservative (Non-Surgical) Management
Many stable fractures are treated with:
- Pain management
- Temporary bracing or support
- Activity modification and rest
- Gradual physiotherapy once pain improves
Surgical Management
Surgery may be required if:
- The fracture is unstable
- There is spinal cord or nerve compression
- Severe deformity is present
- Pain does not improve with conservative care
Osteoporosis Management
In fractures related to weak bones, treatment also focuses on:
- Bone-strengthening medications
- Calcium and vitamin D support
- Fall prevention strategies
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Recovery time varies based on fracture severity and overall health. Rehabilitation may include:
- Gradual mobilization
- Strengthening and posture exercises
- Balance training
- Lifestyle modifications to protect the spine
Preventing Spine Fractures
While not all fractures can be prevented, risk can be reduced by:
- Maintaining bone health
- Regular weight-bearing exercise
- Preventing falls, especially in older adults
- Using safety measures during high-risk activities